∫ (c−c sec(e+fx))3 __________________________

3.66 \(\int \frac {(c-c \sec (e+f x))^3}{\sqrt {a+a \sec (e+f x)}} \, dx\)

Optimal. Leaf size=152 \[ \frac {2 c^3 \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {a} \tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {a \sec (e+f x)+a}}\right )}{\sqrt {a} f}-\frac {8 \sqrt {2} c^3 \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {a} \tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {a \sec (e+f x)+a}}\right )}{\sqrt {a} f}-\frac {2 a c^3 \tan ^3(e+f x)}{3 f (a \sec (e+f x)+a)^{3/2}}+\frac {6 c^3 \tan (e+f x)}{f \sqrt {a \sec (e+f x)+a}} \]

[Out]

2*c^3*arctan(a^(1/2)*tan(f*x+e)/(a+a*sec(f*x+e))^(1/2))/f/a^(1/2)-8*c^3*arctan(1/2*a^(1/2)*tan(f*x+e)*2^(1/2)/

(a+a*sec(f*x+e))^(1/2))*2^(1/2)/f/a^(1/2)+6*c^3*tan(f*x+e)/f/(a+a*sec(f*x+e))^(1/2)-2/3*a*c^3*tan(f*x+e)^3/f/(

a+a*sec(f*x+e))^(3/2)

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Rubi [A] time = 0.23, antiderivative size = 152, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 7, number of rules used = 6, integrand size = 28, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.214, Rules used = {3904, 3887, 479, 582, 522, 203} \[ -\frac {2 a c^3 \tan ^3(e+f x)}{3 f (a \sec (e+f x)+a)^{3/2}}+\frac {2 c^3 \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {a} \tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {a \sec (e+f x)+a}}\right )}{\sqrt {a} f}-\frac {8 \sqrt {2} c^3 \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {a} \tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {a \sec (e+f x)+a}}\right )}{\sqrt {a} f}+\frac {6 c^3 \tan (e+f x)}{f \sqrt {a \sec (e+f x)+a}} \]

Antiderivative was successfully veriﬁed.

[In]

Int[(c - c*Sec[e + f*x])^3/Sqrt[a + a*Sec[e + f*x]],x]

[Out]

(2*c^3*ArcTan[(Sqrt[a]*Tan[e + f*x])/Sqrt[a + a*Sec[e + f*x]]])/(Sqrt[a]*f) - (8*Sqrt[2]*c^3*ArcTan[(Sqrt[a]*T

an[e + f*x])/(Sqrt[2]*Sqrt[a + a*Sec[e + f*x]])])/(Sqrt[a]*f) + (6*c^3*Tan[e + f*x])/(f*Sqrt[a + a*Sec[e + f*x

]]) - (2*a*c^3*Tan[e + f*x]^3)/(3*f*(a + a*Sec[e + f*x])^(3/2))

Rule 203

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(1*ArcTan[(Rt[b, 2]*x)/Rt[a, 2]])/(Rt[a, 2]*Rt[b, 2]), x] /;

FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] && (GtQ[a, 0] || GtQ[b, 0])

Rule 479

Int[((e_.)*(x_))^(m_.)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_)*((c_) + (d_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(q_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(e^(2*n

- 1)*(e*x)^(m - 2*n + 1)*(a + b*x^n)^(p + 1)*(c + d*x^n)^(q + 1))/(b*d*(m + n*(p + q) + 1)), x] - Dist[e^(2*n)

/(b*d*(m + n*(p + q) + 1)), Int[(e*x)^(m - 2*n)*(a + b*x^n)^p*(c + d*x^n)^q*Simp[a*c*(m - 2*n + 1) + (a*d*(m +

n*(q - 1) + 1) + b*c*(m + n*(p - 1) + 1))*x^n, x], x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e, p, q}, x] && NeQ[b*c - a*d

, 0] && IGtQ[n, 0] && GtQ[m - n + 1, n] && IntBinomialQ[a, b, c, d, e, m, n, p, q, x]

Rule 522

Int[((e_) + (f_.)*(x_)^(n_))/(((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))*((c_) + (d_.)*(x_)^(n_))), x_Symbol] :> Dist[(b*e - a*f

)/(b*c - a*d), Int[1/(a + b*x^n), x], x] - Dist[(d*e - c*f)/(b*c - a*d), Int[1/(c + d*x^n), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a

, b, c, d, e, f, n}, x]

Rule 582

Int[((g_.)*(x_))^(m_.)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_.)*((c_) + (d_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(q_.)*((e_) + (f_.)*(x_)^(n_)),

x_Symbol] :> Simp[(f*g^(n - 1)*(g*x)^(m - n + 1)*(a + b*x^n)^(p + 1)*(c + d*x^n)^(q + 1))/(b*d*(m + n*(p + q

+ 1) + 1)), x] - Dist[g^n/(b*d*(m + n*(p + q + 1) + 1)), Int[(g*x)^(m - n)*(a + b*x^n)^p*(c + d*x^n)^q*Simp[a*

f*c*(m - n + 1) + (a*f*d*(m + n*q + 1) + b*(f*c*(m + n*p + 1) - e*d*(m + n*(p + q + 1) + 1)))*x^n, x], x], x]

/; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e, f, g, p, q}, x] && IGtQ[n, 0] && GtQ[m, n - 1]

Rule 3887

Int[cot[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)]^(m_.)*(csc[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) + (a_))^(n_.), x_Symbol] :> Dist[(-2*a^(m/2 +

n + 1/2))/d, Subst[Int[(x^m*(2 + a*x^2)^(m/2 + n - 1/2))/(1 + a*x^2), x], x, Cot[c + d*x]/Sqrt[a + b*Csc[c +

d*x]]], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d}, x] && EqQ[a^2 - b^2, 0] && IntegerQ[m/2] && IntegerQ[n - 1/2]

Rule 3904

Int[(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) + (a_))^(m_.)*(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(d_.) + (c_))^(n_.), x_Symbol] :> Di

st[(-(a*c))^m, Int[Cot[e + f*x]^(2*m)*(c + d*Csc[e + f*x])^(n - m), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e, f, n}, x]

&& EqQ[b*c + a*d, 0] && EqQ[a^2 - b^2, 0] && IntegerQ[m] && RationalQ[n] && !(IntegerQ[n] && GtQ[m - n, 0])

Rubi steps

\begin {align*} \int \frac {(c-c \sec (e+f x))^3}{\sqrt {a+a \sec (e+f x)}} \, dx &=-\left (\left (a^3 c^3\right ) \int \frac {\tan ^6(e+f x)}{(a+a \sec (e+f x))^{7/2}} \, dx\right )\\ &=\frac {\left (2 a^3 c^3\right ) \operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {x^6}{\left (1+a x^2\right ) \left (2+a x^2\right )} \, dx,x,-\frac {\tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {a+a \sec (e+f x)}}\right )}{f}\\ &=-\frac {2 a c^3 \tan ^3(e+f x)}{3 f (a+a \sec (e+f x))^{3/2}}-\frac {\left (2 a c^3\right ) \operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {x^2 \left (6+9 a x^2\right )}{\left (1+a x^2\right ) \left (2+a x^2\right )} \, dx,x,-\frac {\tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {a+a \sec (e+f x)}}\right )}{3 f}\\ &=\frac {6 c^3 \tan (e+f x)}{f \sqrt {a+a \sec (e+f x)}}-\frac {2 a c^3 \tan ^3(e+f x)}{3 f (a+a \sec (e+f x))^{3/2}}+\frac {\left (2 c^3\right ) \operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {18 a+21 a^2 x^2}{\left (1+a x^2\right ) \left (2+a x^2\right )} \, dx,x,-\frac {\tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {a+a \sec (e+f x)}}\right )}{3 a f}\\ &=\frac {6 c^3 \tan (e+f x)}{f \sqrt {a+a \sec (e+f x)}}-\frac {2 a c^3 \tan ^3(e+f x)}{3 f (a+a \sec (e+f x))^{3/2}}-\frac {\left (2 c^3\right ) \operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+a x^2} \, dx,x,-\frac {\tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {a+a \sec (e+f x)}}\right )}{f}+\frac {\left (16 c^3\right ) \operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{2+a x^2} \, dx,x,-\frac {\tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {a+a \sec (e+f x)}}\right )}{f}\\ &=\frac {2 c^3 \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {a} \tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {a+a \sec (e+f x)}}\right )}{\sqrt {a} f}-\frac {8 \sqrt {2} c^3 \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {a} \tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {a+a \sec (e+f x)}}\right )}{\sqrt {a} f}+\frac {6 c^3 \tan (e+f x)}{f \sqrt {a+a \sec (e+f x)}}-\frac {2 a c^3 \tan ^3(e+f x)}{3 f (a+a \sec (e+f x))^{3/2}}\\ \end {align*}

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Mathematica [A] time = 1.33, size = 166, normalized size = 1.09 \[ \frac {4 c^3 \cos \left (\frac {e}{2}\right ) \cos (e) \cot \left (\frac {1}{2} (e+f x)\right ) \sec ^2(e+f x) \left (11 \cos (e+f x)-5 \cos (2 (e+f x))+3 \cos ^2(e+f x) \sqrt {\sec (e+f x)-1} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {\sec (e+f x)-1}\right )-12 \sqrt {2} \cos ^2(e+f x) \sqrt {\sec (e+f x)-1} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sec (e+f x)-1}}{\sqrt {2}}\right )-6\right )}{3 f \left (\cos \left (\frac {e}{2}\right )+\cos \left (\frac {3 e}{2}\right )\right ) \sqrt {a (\sec (e+f x)+1)}} \]

Antiderivative was successfully veriﬁed.

[In]

Integrate[(c - c*Sec[e + f*x])^3/Sqrt[a + a*Sec[e + f*x]],x]

[Out]

(4*c^3*Cos[e/2]*Cos[e]*Cot[(e + f*x)/2]*(-6 + 11*Cos[e + f*x] - 5*Cos[2*(e + f*x)] + 3*ArcTan[Sqrt[-1 + Sec[e

+ f*x]]]*Cos[e + f*x]^2*Sqrt[-1 + Sec[e + f*x]] - 12*Sqrt[2]*ArcTan[Sqrt[-1 + Sec[e + f*x]]/Sqrt[2]]*Cos[e + f

*x]^2*Sqrt[-1 + Sec[e + f*x]])*Sec[e + f*x]^2)/(3*f*(Cos[e/2] + Cos[(3*e)/2])*Sqrt[a*(1 + Sec[e + f*x])])

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fricas [A] time = 1.03, size = 518, normalized size = 3.41 \[ \left [\frac {12 \, \sqrt {2} {\left (a c^{3} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + a c^{3} \cos \left (f x + e\right )\right )} \sqrt {-\frac {1}{a}} \log \left (\frac {2 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos \left (f x + e\right ) + a}{\cos \left (f x + e\right )}} \sqrt {-\frac {1}{a}} \cos \left (f x + e\right ) \sin \left (f x + e\right ) + 3 \, \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + 2 \, \cos \left (f x + e\right ) - 1}{\cos \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + 2 \, \cos \left (f x + e\right ) + 1}\right ) - 3 \, {\left (c^{3} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + c^{3} \cos \left (f x + e\right )\right )} \sqrt {-a} \log \left (\frac {2 \, a \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + 2 \, \sqrt {-a} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos \left (f x + e\right ) + a}{\cos \left (f x + e\right )}} \cos \left (f x + e\right ) \sin \left (f x + e\right ) + a \cos \left (f x + e\right ) - a}{\cos \left (f x + e\right ) + 1}\right ) + 2 \, {\left (10 \, c^{3} \cos \left (f x + e\right ) - c^{3}\right )} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos \left (f x + e\right ) + a}{\cos \left (f x + e\right )}} \sin \left (f x + e\right )}{3 \, {\left (a f \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + a f \cos \left (f x + e\right )\right )}}, -\frac {2 \, {\left (3 \, {\left (c^{3} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + c^{3} \cos \left (f x + e\right )\right )} \sqrt {a} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {\frac {a \cos \left (f x + e\right ) + a}{\cos \left (f x + e\right )}} \cos \left (f x + e\right )}{\sqrt {a} \sin \left (f x + e\right )}\right ) - {\left (10 \, c^{3} \cos \left (f x + e\right ) - c^{3}\right )} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos \left (f x + e\right ) + a}{\cos \left (f x + e\right )}} \sin \left (f x + e\right ) - \frac {12 \, \sqrt {2} {\left (a c^{3} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + a c^{3} \cos \left (f x + e\right )\right )} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos \left (f x + e\right ) + a}{\cos \left (f x + e\right )}} \cos \left (f x + e\right )}{\sqrt {a} \sin \left (f x + e\right )}\right )}{\sqrt {a}}\right )}}{3 \, {\left (a f \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + a f \cos \left (f x + e\right )\right )}}\right ] \]

Veriﬁcation of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate((c-c*sec(f*x+e))^3/(a+a*sec(f*x+e))^(1/2),x, algorithm="fricas")

[Out]

[1/3*(12*sqrt(2)*(a*c^3*cos(f*x + e)^2 + a*c^3*cos(f*x + e))*sqrt(-1/a)*log((2*sqrt(2)*sqrt((a*cos(f*x + e) +

a)/cos(f*x + e))*sqrt(-1/a)*cos(f*x + e)*sin(f*x + e) + 3*cos(f*x + e)^2 + 2*cos(f*x + e) - 1)/(cos(f*x + e)^2

+ 2*cos(f*x + e) + 1)) - 3*(c^3*cos(f*x + e)^2 + c^3*cos(f*x + e))*sqrt(-a)*log((2*a*cos(f*x + e)^2 + 2*sqrt(

-a)*sqrt((a*cos(f*x + e) + a)/cos(f*x + e))*cos(f*x + e)*sin(f*x + e) + a*cos(f*x + e) - a)/(cos(f*x + e) + 1)

) + 2*(10*c^3*cos(f*x + e) - c^3)*sqrt((a*cos(f*x + e) + a)/cos(f*x + e))*sin(f*x + e))/(a*f*cos(f*x + e)^2 +

a*f*cos(f*x + e)), -2/3*(3*(c^3*cos(f*x + e)^2 + c^3*cos(f*x + e))*sqrt(a)*arctan(sqrt((a*cos(f*x + e) + a)/co

s(f*x + e))*cos(f*x + e)/(sqrt(a)*sin(f*x + e))) - (10*c^3*cos(f*x + e) - c^3)*sqrt((a*cos(f*x + e) + a)/cos(f

*x + e))*sin(f*x + e) - 12*sqrt(2)*(a*c^3*cos(f*x + e)^2 + a*c^3*cos(f*x + e))*arctan(sqrt(2)*sqrt((a*cos(f*x

+ e) + a)/cos(f*x + e))*cos(f*x + e)/(sqrt(a)*sin(f*x + e)))/sqrt(a))/(a*f*cos(f*x + e)^2 + a*f*cos(f*x + e))]

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giac [F(-2)] time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \[ \text {Exception raised: TypeError} \]

Veriﬁcation of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate((c-c*sec(f*x+e))^3/(a+a*sec(f*x+e))^(1/2),x, algorithm="giac")

[Out]

Exception raised: TypeError >> An error occurred running a Giac command:INPUT:sage2:=int(sage0,x):;OUTPUT:Unab

le to check sign: (2*pi/x/2)>(-2*pi/x/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/x/2)>(-2*pi/x/2)Unable to check sign: (2*p

i/x/2)>(-2*pi/x/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/x/2)>(-2*pi/x/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/x/2)>(-2*pi/x/2)Unab

le to check sign: (2*pi/x/2)>(-2*pi/x/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/x/2)>(-2*pi/x/2)Unable to check sign: (2*p

i/x/2)>(-2*pi/x/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/x/2)>(-2*pi/x/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/x/2)>(-2*pi/x/2)Unab

le to check sign: (2*pi/x/2)>(-2*pi/x/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/x/2)>(-2*pi/x/2)Unable to check sign: (2*p

i/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign

: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to chec

k sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Warning,

integration of abs or sign assumes constant sign by intervals (correct if the argument is real):Check [abs(co

s(f*t_nostep+exp(1)))]Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_

nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2

*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check si

gn: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to ch

eck sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable

to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)

Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nos

tep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi

/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>

(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nost

ep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (2*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-2*pi/t_nostep/2)Warning, assuming -2*a+a is

positive. Hint: run assume to make assumptions on a variableWarning, assuming -2*a+a is positive. Hint: run as

sume to make assumptions on a variableWarning, assuming -2*a+a is positive. Hint: run assume to make assumptio

ns on a variableWarning, assuming -2*a+a is positive. Hint: run assume to make assumptions on a variableUnable

to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)

Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nos

tep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi

/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>

(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nost

ep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/

t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign:

(4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check

sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to

check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unab

le to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/

2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_n

ostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*

pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2

)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_no

step/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*p

i/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign

: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to chec

k sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable t

o check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Un

able to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_noste

p/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t

_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-

4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep

/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_

nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4

*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check si

gn: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to ch

eck sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable to check sign: (4*pi/t_nostep/2)>(-4*pi/t_nostep/2)Unable